Benefits of the Stinging Jellyfish

Benefits of the Stinging Jellyfish 

The jellyfish has been around for more than 650 million years, predating both the dinosaurs and the sharks (“Jellyfish Facts”). These resilient creatures have remained unmatched throughout the years and have grown in numbers. Recently, researchers have found that the jellyfish populations have skyrocketed due to the overfishing. Now Japanese fishing nets catch more unwanted jellyfish than fish. These stinging creatures are bombarding the world’s beaches and are becoming an annoyance to beach goers. The jellyfish has overtaken the world’s oceans, making this creature seem more of a nuisance than a convenience. Though a bad reputation has been casted over the jellyfish, this species may prove to be beneficial. Jellyfish have the potential to act as a food source for healthy diets, to sustain fisheries for a stable economy, and to treat arthritis.

For over a thousand years, jellyfish have been a traditional delicacy to the Chinese and recently the nutritional value has been suggested. In China, weddings and formal banquets have jellyfish served in the salads (Hsieh 13). Japan serves jellyfish in a sushi form while Thailand serves jellyfish as a crunchy noodle (Caroline 40). The question is: why would people in Asian society eat jellyfish, if they are menacing creatures with tentacles that sting? The truth is jellyfish are a healthy food source. According to a report commissioned by Spain’s Environment Ministry, “Jellyfish contain 95 percent water… and proteins… and contain almost no lipids, carbohydrates, or cholesterol” (Nash 1). Basically, the report found that jellyfish are a great diet food because jellyfish are high in water and protein. Water decreases appetite, carries nutrients, removes waste, and regulates temperature, while protein helps build bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood. According to Li Jian-Rong and Yun-Hwa P Hsieh, authors of “Traditional Chinese Food Technology and Cuisine”, “the caloric value for a normal 100 g serving of ready-to-use jellyfish is less than 20 kcal,” (152). In other words, jellyfish are extremely low in calories and perfect for people who are watching their weight.

Although jellyfish provide a low calorie diet, in order to use these stinging creatures to a dietary advantage, the jellyfish must go through processing in order to be edible. The jellyfish’s umbrella and oral arms are first separated, then cleaned and soaked in water. A salt and alum mixture coats the umbrella and oral arms. After this step, the umbrella and oral arms are pressed and dried for two to five weeks. Afterwards, the process for product packaging begins, lasting four to six days. Then desalting and rehydration in water occurs in preparation for the shredding, marinating, and cooking of the jellyfish. After the completion of these steps, the jellyfish is finally ready to be served (Jian-rong and Hsieh 151).

Some may find jellyfish to not be a viable food source. Jian-rong and Hsieh, believed that, “the overnight desalting procedure and preparation of jellyfish dish may become a barrier for modern consumers with busy life styles” (152). Today we live in a world where people are looking to prepare fast, easy meals. Jellyfish simply would not fit under these standards. Although the process of desalting is time consuming, processors have found an easier way to package the jellyfish for consumers. Li and Hsieh have said that, “This has been overcome by developing shredded ready to use products with varieties of flavor and sauces” (152). Basically, jellyfish products have adapted to become consumer needs and lifestyles. By jellyfish coming in a package readymade meal, preparation is quick and simple again. In fact, according to Li and Hsieh, “shredded jellyfish have appeared on the supermarket packaged together with condiments such as soy sauce, wasabi or mustard, as a convenient ready to eat food” (152). By having, the shredded jellyfish packaged with condiments and placed in assorted flavors consumers are able to pick the flavor that best suits their palate. No longer is the jellyfish a hassle to prepare, but instead it is a delectable meal that can be eaten any time.

In order to sell these delectable jellyfish on the market, there must be fisheries to sustain the consumer’s needs. Li and Hsieh found that “today semi dried salted jellyfish represent a multimillion-dollar seafood business in Asia” (152). In other words, jellyfish bring in huge amounts of money. The jellyfish industry can improve the local economies because job opportunities are present. Fu-Ming and Hsieh, authors of “Jellyfish as Food”, state, “Processing jellyfish in Asia is a low cost operation that requires little capital but in labor intensive” (11). Since the cost of fishing operations requires little capital, starting up a jellyfish industry would be more realistic in comparison to other fishing industries. The creation of a jellyfish fishing industry could potentially create thousands of jobs in the harvesting of jellyfish. Jobs would include a range of people working on boats harvesting jellyfish to people processing jellyfish for consumption. With new jobs in place, people will have the opportunity to make money and spend it, improving the local economy.

In addition to helping Asia, jellyfish could help boost the United States economy and rid the nuisance. The abundance of jellyfish in our oceans shows that just about any country could start an industry based on jellyfish. Fu-Ming and Hsieh found that “… the U.S. [is] utilizing [its] available species to produce jellyfish products for export” (11). This means that the United States is creating an exporting trade sustained on jellyfish found near its homeland. Fu-Ming and Hsieh explained that the “United States considered the Cannonball Jellyfish to be a nuisance” (11). This is because during the summer jellyfish come close to the coastal waters and swarm around areas that beachgoers tend to visit (Fu-Ming and Hsieh 11). When jellyfish are too abundant, many people do not wish to go to the beach because they are afraid they may be stung. Jellyfish also cause harm to native fish by consuming nutrients that other fish species utilize. Fu-Ming and Hsieh found that a fishery in Florida initiated the first harvesting and processing industry for Cannonball Jellyfish in 1992, in order to get rid of the nuisance and to turn the Cannonball Jellyfish into value-added products (11). In other words, the U.S. decided to harvest the Cannonball Jellyfish and export to countries like Japan and China, where the demand for jellyfish products is high. The exporting of jellyfish benefits the U.S. economically because the industry makes money off exporting the jellyfish and benefits the environment because jellyfish no longer cause harm to native fish species.

Anthony Richardson, Andrew Bakun, Graema Hays, and Mark Gibbons, authors of “The Jellyfish Joyride,” believe that “jellyfish products for food and medicine may put an increase fishing pressure on non-problem species in healthy ecosystems” (319). They believe that overfishing of major fish like tuna and salmon has occurred, dropping major fish populations to minute numbers. They are afraid that the fishing industry will turn to fish species that have greater populations, like jellyfish. If this occurs, fishing industries could potentially reduce populations in these substitute fish species, and bring their numbers down to a plummeting halt. Healthy ecosystems could collapse under these strenuous conditions causing holes in the food chain and creating gaps in healthy ecosystems.

Although Richardson, Bakun, Hays, and Gibbons argue that the jellyfish products may put an increase fishing pressure, Fui-Ming and Hsieh state that “Asian countries are actively developing fisheries management plans in an effort to conserve the jellyfish” (11). The two argue that, “In both China and Thailand, the government fisheries departments control the jellyfish season” (11). In essence, the government is developing conservation techniques to preserve the jellyfish species, and decrease the fishing pressures put upon the jellyfish and other non-problem species. Fui-Ming and Hsieh found that one of the conservation techniques used to preserve the jellyfish is that, “during the last several weeks of the season, the governments do not allow catching because the jellyfish are largest and reproducing” (11). This guideline enables the jellyfish to reproduce in larger numbers therefore allowing the jellyfish to replenish their population. As long as the government installs and enforces guidelines to conserve jellyfish, jellyfish products for food and medicine should not increase fishing pressures.

In addition to feeding people and sustaining fishing industries, jellyfish are being used to a medicinal advantage. Scientists believe that jellyfish collagen could potentially be an effective cure for Rheumatoid Arthritis: “Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) is an autoimmune disease characterized by chronic inflammation of the joints, which gradually erodes the cartilage and bone” (“Rheumatoid arthritis”). In other words, the body sees itself as a threat and attacks tissue that would otherwise be healthy. A person without Rheumatoid Arthritis has cartilage between two bones that are connected. The cartilage keeps the bones from rubbing together and acts as padding and a shock absorber. A person with Rheumatoid Arthritis has worn and broken down cartilage because the body sees the healthy cartilage as a threat and attacks, therefore destroying the cartilage padding.

Researchers have found that “The primary protein in cartilage, Type II Collagen (CII) is crucial to joint health and function” (“Rheumatoid Arthritis”). Rheumatoid Arthritis, however, attacks the cartilage, breaks down the Type II Collagen, and leaves the joint weak and inflamed. Researchers are searching for an effective cure to keep the joints of Rheumatoid Arthritis patients healthy and functioning. Jian-Rong and Hsieh may have the answer to this cure. The two hypothesize that “collagen … may be the ingredient in jellyfish contributing to the beneficial health effects because collagen is the essential building material of muscle tissue, cartilage, and bone, and has great medicinal promise” (152). In other words, Jian-Rong and Hsieh believe that collagen taken from jellyfish could potentially be a beneficial medicinal treatment for Rheumatoid Arthritis.

Experiments on lab rats were needed in order to see if jellyfish collagen was a potential treatment for human rheumatoid arthritis. Hsieh reported, “Laboratory rats fed with low doses of Cannonball Jellyfish collagen had significantly delayed the onset and reduced the incidence and severity of antigen induced arthritis, [an antigen] model that [is similar to] … human rheumatoid arthritis” (152). In essence, lab rats with the arthritis antigen had similar symptoms to human Rheumatoid Arthritis, which included inflammation and stiffness. The collagen harvested from jellyfish suppressed these symptoms in the rats. This experiment gives supporting evidence in that jellyfish collagen may be an effective cure to human Rheumatoid Arthritis because jellyfish collagen was able to suppress symptoms in rats with a similar arthritis antigen.

Another study done by Anhui Medical University of China showed that chicken collagen also suppressed the symptoms of human Rheumatoid Arthritis (Can Chicken). Although their findings prove to be true, Brian Wright, who works for the office of technology transfer at Auburn University, found that “Jellyfish collagen is more homogeneous than bovine or chicken Type II collagen, [and] it showed a superior effect in suppressing the onset of arthritis in rats” (1). In other words, jellyfish collagen is more effective in the treatment of human Rheumatoid Arthritis than chicken collagen. Wright also found that another advantage to using jellyfish collage instead of chicken collagen is that jellyfish collagen is “less expensive to extract and minimizes the effect of adverse side effects” (1). This means that jellyfish collagen is not costly and is safe to administer to Rheumatoid Arthritis patients.

Imagine sitting in a restaurant and having your sever bring you a plate of jellyfish with your choice of soy sauce, wasabi or mustard. Instead of pushing this dish to the side, remember that jellyfish can be a beneficial food source because they are full of water and protein, making them a powerful diet food. The demand for jellyfish on the menu is rising, creating fishing industries that boost local economies and create job opportunities. Jellyfish also are a medicinal benefit because they contain collagen that slows or stops the effects of arthritis. So next time you see a jellyfish remember they are more beneficial than they are harmful.
Work Cited 
"Can Chicken Collagen Treat Symptoms of Rheumatoid Arthritis." Arthritis, Arthritis Diet, Arthritis Exercises, Arthritis Therapies. YOGY, 23 Aug. 2010. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. 
Fui-Ming, Jack Rudloe, and Peggy Hsieh. "Jellyfish as 
Food."Hydrobiologia 2007: 11-17. Seaturtle. Kluwer Academic Publishers. Web. 9 Nov. 2010 
"Jellyfish Facts." AC Tropical Fish & Aquarium. 2006. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. 
Jian-Rong, Li, and Yun-Hwa P. Hsieh. "Traditional Chinese food technology and 
cuisine." Asia Pacific Journal of Clinical Nutrition 13.2 (2004): 147-155. Academic Search Complete. EBSCO. Web. 5 Nov. 2010. 
Nash, Elizabeth. "Something Fishy about the Jelly on Your Plate?" LexisNexis. LexisNexis, 01 Nov. 2008. Web. 17 Nov. 2010. 
"Rheumatoid Arthritis, Role Of Type II Collagen, Study." Medical News Today. 04 Dec. 2005. Web. 29 Nov. 2010. 
Richardson, Anthony J, Andrew Bakun, Graema Hays, Mark Gibbons. 
"The Jellyfish Joyride: Causes, Consequences and Management Responses to a More Gelatinous Future." Cell Press. Web. 8 Nov. 2010. 

Williams, Caroline. "The next big fin." New Scientist 201 (2009): 40-3. OmniFile Full Text Mega. Web. 5 Nov. 2010. 
Wright, Brian. "Use of Jellyfish Collagen in the Treatment of Rheumatoid Arthritis." Auburn University. Web. 29 Nov. 2010.

Whale Falls

Whale fall stages lead to stepping-stone 

A group of five or more killer whales has come across a young blue whale and mother. The pod strategizes an attack, where each killer whale takes turns chasing the mother and her calf. The mother tries to push her calf towards the surface to breathe for air, but the killer whales persist on, tiring out the calf and the mother. The calf finally separates from the mother and the killer whales attack preventing the calf from coming up for air. The young blue whale drowns, and the killer whales feast on their prey.

This scenario is one of many that can lead to the production of a whale fall. As the whales’ corpse settles to the bottom of the ocean, three known phases of colonization can occur. These three phases are the mobile scavengers phase, the enrichment – opportunist stage, and the sulfophilic stage (Calkins 2010). Different assemblages of species appear at each stage giving evidences that whale falls may be the stepping-stone between hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. This paper will discuss the formation of each phase, the organisms found at each phase, and the stepping-stone theory between whale falls, hydrothermal vents, and cold seeps.

The first phase is the mobile scavenger phase. This stage lasts only a few months, and is the shortest of the three stages because scavenger organisms like the hagfish, sleeper sharks, rattail fish, amphipods, and crustaceans devour the meat of the whales’ corpse (Calkins 2010). First crustacean plankton colonizes the whale, then sharks, and scavenger fish. There is a high density of species on the whale; however, there is very little diversity between the species. Amphiopods and copepods carve tunnels into the whales’ body as they consume most of the whales flesh. Predators have easier access to the whales’ meat because of this (Bonnemains 2010).

In a study, Craig Smith and his colleagues supported by NURP implanted three whale carcasses off the coast of southern California (Russo 2004). Alvin the Human Operated Vehicle took these scientists to the whale fall sites to observe the mobile scavenger phase in action (Russo 2004). They found that after six weeks of implantation one whale was still largely intact, but had hundreds of hagfish feeding on it (Milius 2005). The hagfish had become forty centimeters long and were feeding on the meat of the carcass (Milius 2005). In order to take a piece of the whales meat for food, the hagfish takes a biting grip in the whale, ties itself in a knot, and then pulls its body out using its force to tear out a piece of the whales meat (Milius 2005). Black hagfish and the white-headed hagfish are the typical hagfish species that aggregate around whale falls (Bonnemains 2010). Hagfish live inside the whales’ skeleton because they are able to survive high levels of carbon gas and methane (Bonnemains 2010). Hagfish are an interesting species because they are the only fish known to keep their blood at the same concentration of salt as the outside environment (Bonnemains 2010). Hagfish are able to live five years and swim to depths of 3000 meters (Bonnemains 2010). They have an extraordinary sense of smell that allows them to smell a whales’ carcass from 0.6 to 0.8 meters away (Bonnemains 2010).

Scientists also found Sleeper Sharks in the midst of the scavenging organisms. This was a new discover because Sleeper Sharks are rarely seen by humans, because they are a deep-water species. Sleeper sharks between 1.5 and 3.5 meters have been seen feeding on grey whale falls by grabbing the whales’ meat and then twisting its body back and forth until a piece is freed (Milius 2005) (Bonnemains 2010). Observations of bite marks on whale falls have led scientist to believe that the sleeper shark, in comparison to other fish species, consumes the bulk of the whales’ meat (Bonnemains 2010).

During this mobile scavenger phase, thirty-eight different species may take part in the consumption of 90 percent of whales’ meat and tissue (Russo 2004).The consumption rate per day is an estimated 40 to 60 kilograms of flesh per day (Bennett 2002). The bulk of the whale meat is gone within eighteen months (Milius 2005). One of the implanted whale carcasses, located off the coast of Santa Cruz, has sustained the mobile scavenger phase for the past nine months, and has the potential to last two years (Russo 2004). The sediment around the whale carcass is full of nutrients from the debris left behind by the scavengers and attracts smaller organisms to start the next phase of colonization (Calkins 2010).

The second phase is the enrichment- opportunist stage. This stage can last 4 months to 5 years (Bonnemains 2010). Snails, little amphipods, and segmented worms aggregate around the whale fall during this stage. Baco-Taylor and other scientists have found that 45,000 individuals are in each square meter of sediment (Milius 2005). These organisms feed off the organic material stored in whalebones and the sediments, up to 3 meters away, which surround the whale skeleton (Bonnemains 2010) (Bennett 2002).

Several polychaetes and clams are exclusive to the enrichment- opportunist stage of whale falls. Smith describes finding a polychaetes worm that sends green root like coils into the bone. These roots then release a rod shaped bacteria that break down organic compounds in order for the worm to digest (Milius 2005). These worms can grow as long as fifty millimeters and resemble centipedes (Russo 2004).

Beggiotoa bacteria also colonize along the bones of the whale skeleton forming a bacterial mat made of long filaments. This bacterium oxidizes hydrogen sulfide as an energy source. Segmented worms called Bathykurile guaymasensis then eat these bacteria and receive their nutrients this way (Milius 2005).

After the worms disappear the Beggiotoa bacteria continues to feed on the fats and oils contained in the whales’ bone (Bennett 2002). This is the start of the third phase, the sulfophilic stage. This phase can last forty to eighty years (Bonnemains 2010). Three key elements characterize this phase. First, bacterial mats cover the surface of the bone (Bonnemains 2010). Then, large populations of clams move in. these clams harbor chemosynthetic bacteria (Bonnemains 2010). Finally, over 30,000 individual bivalves, amphiopods, polychaetes, limpets, gastropods, and crustaceans aggregate (Bonnemains 2010).

About sixty percent of the whales’ weight is made of lipid, which bacteria break down in order to produce sulfide (Calkins 2010). Bacteria then use chemosynthesis to oxidize sulfide to make organic matter that supports other organisms like the Vestimentiferan tubeworm.

Bacteria form the basis of the food web, because without chemosynthesis life would no longer occur. Light is unable to penetrate the depths at which the whale skeleton has sunk, and there is no longer and meat left on the bones. The only way to survive is to harvest bacteria that use the process of chemosynthesis for energy.

Mollusks aggregate around the whale fall during the last stage. Vesicomyid clams carry a sulfide- metabolizing bacteria and get their energy directly from the sulfide. The Idas washingtonia mussel has been seem to colonize in the 10,000’s on a single whale (Milius 2005).

Scientists have found 190 different bottom dwelling species on a single whale carcass (Calkins 2010). These organisms use the whale fall as a food source and a substrate. Carnivorous gastropods feed on the bivalves, the bivalves feed off their bacteria, and the bacteria gain their energy through chemosynthesis. In fact, the sulfophilic stage can have at least three different levels on the food web at any given time (Bonnemains 2010).

In the late stages of the sulfophilic stage, the whale fall community begins to resemble the communities found at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps also have bacteria as the basis of their food webs and are host to ten to twenty percent of the 200-sulpholic species found at whale falls (Bennett 2002). Just as the bacteria found at whale falls the bacteria at hydrothermal vents and cold seeps also oxidize sulfide in order to make organic matter.

In addition, DNA analysis allowed Smith and other scientists to compare the genetic makeup of Idas washingtonia found on whale falls to a mussel found on deep- sea wood. Scientists found that these two mussels share the same sub family, Bathymodilinae, with mussels found on hydrothermal vents and cold seeps (Russo 2004). In fact, these molecular studies show that whale falls may actually serve as a stepping-stone between cold seeps and hydrothermal vents (Smith 2003). Smith theorizes that the ancestors of these mussels may have moved deeper into the ocean following the whale falls organic food source. The mussels then moved from the organic richness of the whale fall to the sulfide rich hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. This theory could be true for other organisms. For example, California whale falls share ten species with vents, nine with seeps, four with anoxic sediment, and one with wood falls (Russo 2004).

Whale falls are an important bridge between hydrothermal vents and cold seeps. Hydrothermal vent are commonly found along the mid-ocean ridge, such as the east pacific rise and the mid Atlantic ridge. Some cold seeps include the Florida Escarpment and the Laurentian Fan. Hydrothermal vents and cold seeps are not located near each other therefore organisms are unable to travel to these locations without the help of whale falls. Whale falls are more widespread than hydrothermal vents and seeps (Smith 2003). Researchers estimate that roughly every five to sixteen kilometers along the sea floor is a whale fall (Bennett 2002). This would make the journey of organisms from hydrothermal vents, close seeps, and whale falls, easier because locations would be closer together.

Each phase of the whale falls brings a diverse assemblage of species. The first stage, mobile scavenger phase, features organisms that feed on the meat. The second stage, enrichment – opportunist phase, features organisms that feed on the bones. The third stage, sulfophilic phase, features organisms that use chemosynthesis for energy. Each stage processes new life on the whale fall. The whale fall may even give passageway for organisms to move to hydrothermal vent and cold seeps, proving the stepping- stone theory correct.

Work Cited:
Bennett, Kim. "Whale Falls—islands of Abundance and Diversity in the Deep Sea." Monterey Bay Aquarium Research Institute. Dec. 2002. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.mbari.org/news/news_releases/2002/dec20_whalefall.html>. Bonnemains, Jacky. "Of Whales and Their Usefulnessy." Robin Des Bois. Apr. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. 
<http://www.robindesbois.org/english/Of_whales_and_their_Usefulness.pdf>. 
Calkins, Mandy. "Whale Falls." Science and the Sea. The University of Texas Marine Science Institute, 08 Mar. 2010. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. 
<http://www.scienceandthesea.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=276&Itemid=6>. 
Milius, Susan. "Decades of Dinner Underwater Community Begins with the Remains of a 
Whale." Science News Online. 07 May 2005. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.phschool.com/science/science_news/articles/decades_of_dinner.html>. 
Russo, Julie Z. "This Whale's (After) Life." NURP. NOAA's Undersea Research Program, 21 Aug. 2004. Web. 22 Nov. 2010. <http://www.nurp.noaa.gov/Spotlight/Whales.htm>. 
Smith, Craig R. and Baco, Amy R. (2003): Ecology of whale falls at the deep-sea floor. In R.N. 
Gibson and R.J.A. Atkinson, eds., Oceanography and Marine Biology: an Annual 
Review, vol. 41, pp. 311-354.

Vampyroteuthis vs. Teuthida

Vampyroteuthis vs. Teuthida

People used to believe that the oceans depths could not sustain life. Sunlight could not penetrate the ocean’s abyss and temperatures were too cold for any organisms to survive. This was proved wrong though, in 1858, when the first trans- Atlantic cable broke. When the cable was retrieved scientists discovered numerous undescribed deep sea organisms. Since then scientists have discovered many more organisms that are similar, yet different, to the organisms found in shallow water. For instance, the vampire squid, Vampyroteuthis is found in deep sea ocean habitats, while the squid, Teuthida is found in shallow water habitats. The Vampyroteuthis and the Teuthida are similar to each other in that they have eyes and arms, yet very different in that they live in different habitats, have different functions for their arms and eyes, and have different defense strategies when in contact with a predator.

The Vampyroteuthis is found in the deep sea habitat. They have very large eyes, which enables it to see well, since light is unable to reach these depths. The vampire squid had 8 long arms that have bioluminescent bacteria attached to them. They also have bioluminescent bacteria near their mantle, which is their mouth, to attract prey. When prey see bright flashy lights they swim toward it hoping that it is food, when in reality they are swimming directly into their predators mouth. They also have the ability to curl their arms around their body, almost as if they were turning themselves inside out. The vampire squid uses this strategy when they feel they are being attacked, in order to confuse their predators.

The Teuthida on the other hand live in shallow water habitats. They are able to locate their prey with sight because light penetrates the ocean at these depths. Their tentacles do not have bioluminescent bacteria on them; however they do have suckers and hooks that are used to catch their prey. Squids also have a beak, which is very sharp which is used to tear the meat off of the fish. When attacked the squid has the ability to squirt ink that confuse the predators while they get away.

The Vampyroteuthis and the Teuthida are similar creatures in that they both have eyes and arms that use used when hunting prey. The vampire squid has bigger eyes in order to locate its prey in the darkness, while the squid had smaller eyes because sunlight is able to penetrate the oceans surfaces. The vampire squid uses bioluminescent bacteria on its arms to help attract its prey, while the squid uses the suckers and hooks on its arm to catch prey. The vampire squid also had the ability to turn itself inside out when being attacked, while the squid is able to squirt out ink.

Work Cited:

"BBC - Wildlife Finder - Squid (videos, Sound Files, Facts, Photos and News Stories)." BBC - Homepage. Web. 03 Oct. 2010. ."National Geographic News: January 2010." Daily Nature and Science News and Headlines | National Geographic News. Web. 03 Oct. 2010. .